Abstract: About 50 years after their discovery, neutron stars are poised to take center stage in this era of multi-messenger astrophysics. I will highlight advances in theory and key observations including GW170817 that have provided fundamental new insights about neutron star properties and their central role in nuclear astrophysics. I will discuss how neutron stars, and extreme phenomena involving them, can serve as laboratories to study dense matter, nucleosynthesis, and dark matter in the coming decades.